Chi-square data was used to check for variations in the newest prevalence anywhere between genders, age groups, and other subgroups

Chi-square data was used to check for variations in the newest prevalence anywhere between genders, age groups, and other subgroups

S.: n=step one3,689) split up by the sample measurements of each country multiplied because of the original loads

According to the complex sampling design of the GYTS, the weighted prevalence estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) of smokeless tobacco use in each country were calculated using original sampling weights, strata, and pripling units provided in the datasets using the SAS PROC SURVEYFREQ procedure. The original weights were calculated by the following formula: W=W₁*W₂*f₁*f₂*f₃*f_cuatro, where W₁ is the inverse of the selection probability of each school; W₂ is the inverse of selection probability of each class; f₁ is the school-level non-response adjustment factor calculated by school enrolment size; f₂ is the class-level non-response adjustment factor for each school; f₃ is the student-level non-response adjustment factor for each class; f₄ is the post-adjustment stratification factor calculated by grade and sex. We rescaled the original weights to calculate the overall and subgroups’ prevalence of smokeless tobacco use based on each country’s sample size. The rescaled weights were calculated as the maximum country sample size (i.e., U. Chi-square trend test was used to examine the secular trend in the prevalence with consideration of data from all surveys in each country between 1999 and 2019. The prevalence estimates of secular trends were calculated per 5 calendar years. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association of potential associated factors (sex, age, cigarette smoking, other tobacco product use, parental smoking, smoking status of closest friends, tobacco advertisement exposure, being offered free tobacco products, being taught about dangers of smoking, and World Bank income level) with current smokeless tobacco use, and the code for each variable is shown in Additional file 1: Table S1. In order to correct the overall probability of type I error in multiple statistical tests (?=0.05), the Bonferroni’s correction was used to adjust the critical significance level of each statistical test. The corrected critical significance level was equal to the original critical significance level (0.05) divided by the number of tests performed. A two-sided P-value less than the Bonferroni’s corrected critical significance level was regarded as statistical significance and SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, US) was used for all analyses.

Performance

A total of 450,691 kids (boys: 51.4%) old a dozen–16 ages from 138 nations interviewed anywhere between 2010 and 2019 have been integrated to guess the newest incidence out-of most recent smokeless tobacco use and you will its relevant affairs. One of 138 integrated countries surveyed in 2010–2019, 23 (sixteen.7%) were in the African region, 29 (21.7%) on the Western region, 23 (16.7%) in the East Mediterranean area, 31 (22.5%) on Western european region, nine (six.5%) on the South-East Far eastern part, and you can twenty-two (15.9%) on the West Pacific region (Additional file 1: Dining table S2).

Based on the current studies away from 138 countries this season-2019, all round prevalence regarding current smokeless using tobacco was 4.4% (95% CI cuatro.0–cuatro.9), with 5.7% (5.1–6.3) to have people, step three.1% (dos.6–step 3.5) for girls, 3.9% (step 3.5–4.4) getting teenagers aged several–fourteen age, and you can 5.cuatro% (4.8–5.9) for those old fifteen–16 many years (Table step 1). New prevalence ranged rather around the all the 138 regions (of 0.0% within the Tokelau so you can 51.6% in Kiribati), by sex and generation in this all of really countries (Fig. step one, and extra document 1: Fig. S2 and you will Dining table S3). The fresh frequency is actually nearly five times large certainly one of latest smokers weighed against low-smokers (fourteen.3% against. 3.0%), and you will almost eight minutes higher among almost every other smoking device users opposed that have low-pages (twenty two.5% against. step three.2%). The new frequency among adolescents whoever both parents (nine.8%), and you may mom merely (5.6%) used try higher than the individuals whoever father simply (4.4%) and you can neither mother or father (4.7%) smoked. The latest incidence is actually large about Southern-Eastern Asian region (six.1%), with the fresh African region (5.4%), and you will low about West Pacific area (dos.0%). The brand new frequency was higher inside the all the way down-middle-money places (5.5%), accompanied by reasonable-income places (cuatro.7%), and you can lowest within the high-income regions (2.8%) (Dining table step one).